Xenophobic utterances in Juvenal's Satires

Gergő Gellérfi

doi:10.5817/GLB2019-1-6

Xenophobic utterances in Juvenal's Satires

Roč.24,č.1(2019)

Gergő Gellérfi

https://doi.org/10.5817/GLB2019-1-6

Trvalý odkaz (handle):
http://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/141160

PDF (angličtina)

Abstrakt

The concept of xenophobia appears frequently in articles and monographs dealing with the Satires of Juvenal, where it is applied to the content of the poems, their narrator, and sometimes the poet. Although the usage of this term might seem anachronistic for an ancient context, it should not be dismissed as a speaker in Juvenal presents the features of xenophobia – both from the word's lexical definition and its more complex descriptions, e.g. that one appearing in the Declaration on Racism (2001). However, this speaker is not the narrator of the Satires but rather the central figure of Satire 3, the interlocutor named Umbricius, whose character is purposefully rendered by Juvenal as having different characteristics and views from his narrator. In this article, I present arguments suggesting that Umbricius may rightly be named a xenophobic person, in contrast to the Satires' narrator.

Klíčová slova:
Juvenal; satire; Roman literature; xenophobia

Stránky:
81–91

Reference

Anderson, W. S. (1970). Lascivia vs. ira: Martial and Juvenal. California Studies in Classical Antiquity, 3, 1–34.

Bond, R. P. (1979). Anti-feminism in Juvenal and Cato. In C. Deroux (Ed.), Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History (pp. 418–447). Bruxelles: Latomus.

Braund, S. H. (1990). Umbricius and the Frogs (Juvenal, Sat. 3.44–5). The Classical Quarterly, 40, 502–506. | DOI 10.1017/S0009838800043068

Braund, S. M. (Ed.). (1996). Juvenal: Satires, Book I. Cambridge: University Press.

Braund, S. M. (Ed.). (2004). Juvenal and Persius. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.

Courtney, E. (1980). A commentary on the Satires of Juvenal. London: Athlone.

Crompton, L. (2003). Homosexuality & Civilization. Cambridge MA: Belknap.

Fone, B. R. S. (2000). Homophobia: A History. New York: Metropolitan.

Fruelund Jensen, B. (1986). Martyred and Beleaguered Virtue: Juvenal's Portrait of Umbricius. Classica et Mediaevalia, 37, 185–197.

Gellérfi G. (2012). The Use of Statues to Represent Moral Decay in Juvenal's Satires. Acta Classica Universitatis Scientiarum Debreceniensis, 48, 117–124.

Gellérfi G. (2015). On the Sources of Juvenal's Satire 3. In Nagyillés J. et al. (Eds.), Sapiens Ubique Civis (pp. 107–119). Budapest: ELTE Eötvös József Collegium.

Geue, T. (Rev.). (2013). Biagio Santorelli: Giovenale, Satira IV: introduzione, traduzione e commento. Bryn Mawr Classical Review, 2013.01.21 [retrieved 07.05.2019 from http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2013/2013-01-41.html].

Green, P. (1972). Juvenal and his Age. In Idem, The Shadow of the Parthenon (pp. 216–267). Berkeley – Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Hardie, A. (1998). Juvenal, the Phaedrus, and the Truth about Rome. The Classical Quarterly, 48, 234–251. | DOI 10.1093/cq/48.1.234

Hopman, M. (2003). Satire in Green: Marked Clothing and the Technique of Indignatio at Juvenal 5.141–45. American Journal of Philology, 124, 557–574. | DOI 10.1353/ajp.2003.0060

Iddeng, J. W. (2000). Juvenal, satire and the persona theory: some critical remarks. Symbolae Osloensis, 75, 107–129. | DOI 10.1080/003976700300005893

Isaac, B. (2004). The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. Princeton: University Press.

Keane, C. (2006). Figuring Genre in Roman Satire. Oxford: University Press.

Knox, P. E., & McKeown, J. C. (2013). The Oxford Anthology of Roman Literature. Oxford: University Press.

LaFleur, R. A. (1976). Amicitia and the Unity of Juvenal's First Book. Illinois Classical Studies, 4, 158–177.

Motto, A. L., & Clark, J. R. (1965). Per iter tenebricosum: The Mythos of Juvenal 3. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 96, 267–276. | DOI 10.2307/283730

Sarkissian, J. (1991). Appreciating Umbricius: The Prologue (1–20) of Juvenal's Third Satire. Classica et Mediaevalia, 42, 247–258.

Staley, G. A. (2000). Juvenal's Third Satire: Umbricius' Rome, Vergil's Troy. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, 45, 85–98. | DOI 10.2307/4238766

Tennant, P. M. W. (1999). Mask or mirror? A study of Juvenal's Satires as a reflection of authorial personality and perspective (PhD Diss.). University of Natal.

United Nations OHCHR (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights). (September 2013). Xenophobia [retrieved 07.05.2019 from https://nhri.ohchr.org/EN/Themes/Racial/Documents/Xenophobia.pdf].

Watts, W. J. (1976). Race Prejudice in the Satires of Juvenal. Acta Classica, 19, 83–104.

Wimmer, A. (1997). Explaining Xenophobia and Racism: A Critical Review of Current Research approaches. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 20, 17–41. | DOI 10.1080/01419870.1997.9993946

Winkler, M. M. (1983). The Persona in Three Satires of Juvenal. Hildesheim – Zürich – New York: Olms.

Metriky