Dezinformácie v ére digitálnej transformácie

Generatívna AI ako nástroj tvorby rizikového syntetického obsahu – prípadová štúdia a strategické riešenia

Roč.16,č.1(2024)

Abstrakt

Účel – Príspevok skúma rastúci fenomén generatívnej AI a jej vplyv na tvorbu a šírenie dezinformácií, falošných správ a deepfake obsahov v internetovom prostredí. Cieľom je poskytnúť komplexný pohľad na výzvy spojené s neetickým využívaním generatívnej AI a predstaviť strategické riešenia tohto problému.

Design / metodológia / prístup – Hlavnou použitou metódou bola deskriptívna prípadová štúdia s prvkami explanácie a explorácie, ako čiastkové metódy boli využité obsahová analýza jednotlivých prípadov, indukcia a interpretácia zistení.

Výsledky – Prípadová štúdia ukázala, že generatívna AI predstavuje významný nástroj v rukách šíriteľov dezinformácií a misinformácií. Schopnosť AI generovať presvedčivý a vizuálne čoraz ťažšie rozoznateľný obsah od skutočnosti umožňuje bezprecedentnú manipuláciu s informáciami. Zistenia prípadovej štúdie majú dôležité teoretické aj praktické implikácie. Teoreticky rozširujú pochopenie dynamiky medzi technologickým pokrokom a jeho vplyvom na spoločnosť. Prakticky poukazujú na urgentnú potrebu aplikovania technologických, právnych a intelektuálnych riešení. Limity štúdie sa týkajú možnej subjektivity pri výbere prípadov a interpretácii dát.

Originalita / hodnota – Príspevok poskytuje komplexný pohľad na problematiku neetického využívania generatívnej AI na tvorbu a šírenie dezinformácií a deepfake obsahov v internetovom prostredí. V rámci riešení problematiky príspevok navrhuje potrebu zavedenia prístupu zameraného na kombináciu technologických riešení, právnej regulácie a intelektuálnych prístupov.


Klíčová slova:
generatívna umelá inteligencia; dezinformácie; falošné správy; deepfake; syntetický obsah
Biografie autora

Tomáš Mirga

Katedra knižničnej a informačnej vedy, Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave

Tomáš Mirga je interný doktorand na Katedre knižničnej a informačnej vedy na Univerzite Komenského v Bratislave. V kontexte svojej akademickej činnosti sa orientuje na problematické oblasti online prostredia, akými sú informačné bubliny, dezinformácie, fake news a deepfake obsahy. Z hľadiska širšieho zamerania sa venuje informačnej etike, informačnej a mediálnej gramotnosti, sociálnej psychológii, kognitívnym skresleniam, sociálnym médiám a umelej inteligencii.

Reference

AFFSPRUNG, D. (2023). The ELIZA defect: constructing the right users for generative AI. Proceedings of the 2023 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, 945–946. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3600211.3604744

ALLYN, B. (2022). Deepfake video of Zelenskyy could be 'tip of the iceberg' in info war, experts warn. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2022/03/16/1087062648/deepfake-video-zelenskyy-experts-war-manipulation-ukraine-russia

ALPHONSO, A. (2023). Photo of Pope Francis with two women in a hot tub is an AI-generated fake. Boom. https://www.boomlive.in/fact-check/world/fake-news-viral-photo-pope-francis-with-two-women-in-a-bathtub-midjourney-factcheck-21551

BAIDOO-ANU, D. & OWUSU, L. (2023). Education in the era of generative artificial intelligence (AI): understanding the potential benefits of ChatGPT in promoting teaching and learning. SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4337484

BARANI, M. & DYCK, P. (2023). Generative AI and the EU AI Act - a closer look. Allen & Overy. https://www.allenovery.com/en-gb/global/blogs/tech-talk/generative-ai-and-the-eu-ai-act-a-closer-look

BARREDO, D., JAMIL, S. & MONTEMAYOR, D. (2023). Disinformation and artificial intelligence: the case of online journalism in China. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 29(4), 761-770. https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ESMP/article/view/88543

BAXTER, K. & Y. SCHLESINGER (2023). Managing the risks of generative AI. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2023/06/managing-the-risks-of-generative-ai

BRANDON (2024). Taylor Swift became a victim of deepfake porn 13:04. Social Bites. https://socialbites.ca/culture/480158.html

BUȘINCU, C. & A. ALEXANDRESCU. (2023). Blockchain-based platform to fight disinformation using crowd wisdom and artificial intelligence. Applied Sciences, 13(10). https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/10/6088

C2PA. (2023). Wait, where did this image come from?. https://contentcredentials.org/

CABINET OFFICE. [s. a.]. Society 5.0. https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/english/society5_0/index.html

CENTRE FOR DATA ETHICS AND INNOVATION. [s. a.]. About us. https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/centre-for-data-ethics-and-innovation/about

Coalition for content provenance and authenticity. (2024). https://c2pa.org/

DAHLSTROM, M. F. (2020). The narrative truth about scientific misinformation. SSRN. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3497784

Department of industry, science and resources. [s. a.]. Australia’s AI ethics principles. https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/australias-artificial-intelligence-ethics-framework/australias-ai-ethics-principles

European Commission. (2024). AI Act. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai

European Commission. (2018). A multi-dimensional approach to disinformation: report of the independent High level Group on fake news and online disinformation.. https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=50271

Európska komisia. [s. a.]. Akt o digitálnych službách. https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/digital-services-act_sk

Ethics4EU Consortium. (2021). European values for ethics in digital technology. https://arrow.tudublin.ie/scschcomrep/12/

European parliament. (2023). Artificial Intelligence Act: deal on comprehensive rules for trustworthy AI. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20231206IPR15699/artificial-intelligence-act-deal-on-comprehensive-rules-for-trustworthy-ai

Európsky parlament — kancelária na slovensku. (2023). Martin Hojsík na tému pravidiel riadenia umelej inteligencie (jún 2023). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhylE0ve4fU

FAGUY, A. (2023). Taylor Swift—who became a billionaire—caps year as time's person of the year. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/anafaguy/2023/12/06/taylor-swift-named-time-magazines-person-of-the-year/?sh=5dbfb3b91539

FÁTIMA C. (2023). Artificial intelligence in automated detection of disinformation: a thematic analysis. Journal of Media, 679-687. https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5172/4/2/43

FAZLIOGLU, M. (2023). US federal AI governance: laws, policies and strategies. iapp. https://iapp.org/resources/article/us-federal-ai-governance/

FERRARA, E. (2024). GenAI against humanity: nefarious applications of generative artificial intelligence and large language models. Computers and Society. https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.00737

FEUERRIEGEL, S., DIRESTA, R., GOLDSTEIN, J. A., KUMAR, S., LORENZ-SPREEN, P., TOMZ, M. & PRÖLLOCHS, N. (2023). Research can help to tackle AI-generated disinformation. Nature Human Behaviour, 1818–1821. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-023-01726-2

GAURAV, P., ZHANG, R. & ZHU, J. (2022). On aliased resizing and surprising subtleties in GAN evaluation. 2022 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 11400-11410. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9880182

GIORDANI, J. (2023). Unmasking the dark side of generative AI: protecting your data from security threats. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/unmasking-dark-side-generative-ai-protecting-your-data-john-giordani/

GOODFELLOW, I., BENGIO, Y. & COURVILLE, A. (2016). Deep Learning. MIT Press. https://www.deeplearningbook.org/

Google DeepMind. [s. a.]. SynthID. https://deepmind.google/technologies/synthid/

GORDON, R. (2023). Using AI to protect against AI image manipulation. MIT News. https://news.mit.edu/2023/using-ai-protect-against-ai-image-manipulation-0731

Government of canada. ([2022]). The Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (AIDA) – Companion document. https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/innovation-better-canada/en/artificial-intelligence-and-data-act-aida-companion-document

GOWAL, S. & KOHLI, P. (2023). Identifying AI-generated images with SynthID. Google DeepMind. https://deepmind.google/discover/blog/identifying-ai-generated-images-with-synthid/

GUARNERA, L., GIUDICE, O., NASTASI, C. & BATTIATO S. (2020). Preliminary forensics analysis of deepfake images. 2020 AEIT International Annual Conference (AEIT). https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9241108/authors#authors

GUPTA, R. P. (2023). Prompt hacking - what we should know. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/prompt-hacking-what-we-should-know-ravi-prakash-gupta/

HAIGH, M, HAIGH, T. & MATYCHAK, T. (2019). Information literacy vs. fake news: the case of Ukraine. Open Information Science. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/opis-2019-0011/html

HASANAIN, M., ALAM, F., MUBARAK, H., ABDALJALIL, S., ZAGHOUANI, W., NAKOV, P., MARTINO G. & FREIHAT, A. A. (2023). ArAIEval shared task: persuasion techniques and disinformation detection in arabic text. Computation and Language. https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.03179

HEIKKILÄ, M. (2023). This new tool could protect your pictures from AI manipulation. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/07/26/1076764/this-new-tool-could-protect-your-pictures-from-ai-manipulation/

HEIKKILÄ, M. (2023a). This new data poisoning tool lets artists fight back against generative AI. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/10/23/1082189/data-poisoning-artists-fight-generative-ai/

HELMUS, T. C. (2022). Artificial intelligence, deepfakes, and disinformation. Rand. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/perspectives/PEA1000/PEA1043-1/RAND_PEA1043-1.pdf

HENDL, J. (2008). Kvalitativní výzkum: základní teorie, metody a aplikace. Portál.

HENDRICKSON, L. (2024). Deepfake AI: how verified credentials enhance media authenticity. identity. https://www.identity.com/deepfake-ai-how-verified-credentials-enhance-media-authenticity/#What_Are_Verifiable_Credentials

HIGGINS, E. (2023). Making pictures of Trump getting arrested while waiting for Trump's arrest. X. https://twitter.com/EliotHiggins/status/1637927681734987777

CHEN, Y., PAN, X., LI, Y., DING, B. & ZHOU, J. (2023). EE-LLM: large-scale training and inference of early-exit large language models with 3D parallelism. Machine Learning. https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.04916

Infoz. ([s. a.]). Catfishing. https://www.infoz.cz/catfishing/

INGRAM, M. (2024). Taylor Swift deepfakes could be the tip of an AI-generated iceberg. Columbia Journalism Review. https://www.cjr.org/the_media_today/taylor_swift_deepfakes_ai.php

JEAN-PIERRE, K. (2024). White House ‘alarmed’ by AI deepfakes of Taylor Swift. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YIxFW9DoS4

KAI, S., SLIVA, A., SUHANG, W., JILIANG, T. & HUAN, L. (2017). Fake news detection on social media: a data mining perspective. ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter, 19(1). https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3137597.3137600

KANUNGO, P. (2024). Who is ZvBear? Memes erupt on Twitter amid viral Taylor Swift AI pictures scandal. SK POP. https://www.sportskeeda.com/pop-culture/news-who-zvbear-memes-erupt-twitter-amid-viral-taylor-swift-ai-pictures-scandal

Kaspersky. (2024). What is Biometrics? How is it used in security?. https://usa.kaspersky.com/resource-center/definitions/biometrics

KAZAKHSTANDAZHASALGAN. (2024). [Deepfake obrázky Eiffelovej veže]. TikTok. https://www.tiktok.com/@kazakhstandazhasalgan/photo/7325512973080874246

KELLER, E. (2023). Pope Francis in Balenciaga deepfake fools millions: ‘Definitely scary’. New York Post. https://nypost.com/2023/03/27/pope-francis-in-balenciaga-deepfake-fools- Anmol Alphonso

KIM, Y., XU, X., MCDUFF, D., BREAZEAL, C. & PARK, H. W. (2023). Health-LLM: Large language models for health prediction via wearable sensor data. Computation and Language. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.06866

KOTHARI, A., ORAMA, A., MILLER, R., PEEKS, M., BAILEY, R. & ALM, C. (2023). News consumption helps readers identify model-generated news. 2023 IEEE Western New York Image and Signal Processing Workshop (WNYISPW), 1-10. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10349588

KÜÇKERDOĞAN, B. & TURĞAL, L. (2023). Artificial intelligence as a disinformation tool: analyzing news photos on climate change in the example of Bing search engine. İletişim Ve Diplomasi, (11), 57-82. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iletisimvediplomasi/issue/81401/1376404

LECUN, Y., BENGIO, Y. & HINTON, G. (2015). Deep learning. Nature, 521(7553), 436-444. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1911084

LEONARD, N. E. & LEVIN, S. A. (2022). Collective intelligence as a public good. Online. Collective Intelligence, 1(1). https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/26339137221083293#tab-contributors

LOON, B. (2017). Why we should hold ourselves responsible for fake news. Center for Digital Ethics & Policy. https://www.luc.edu/digitalethics/researchinitiatives/essays/archive/2017/whyweshouldholdourselvesresponsibleforfakenews/

LUO, Y., DAN, X. & SHEPHERD, N. (2023). China proposes draft measures to regulate generative AI. Inside Privacy. https://www.insideprivacy.com/artificial-intelligence/china-proposes-draft-measures-to-regulate-generative-ai/

MANCO, G., RITACCO, E., RULLO, A., SACCÁ, D. & SERRA, E. (2022). Generating synthetic discrete datasets with machine learning. SEBD 2022 Italian Symposium on Advanced Database Systems. https://dblp.org/rec/conf/sebd/0001RRSS22.html

MASTERSON, V. (2023). What is Nightshade – the new tool allowing artists to ‘poison’ AI models?. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/11/nightshade-generative-ai-poison/

MICALLEF, N., AVRAM M., MENCZER, F. & PATIL, S. (2021). Game intervention to improve news literacy on social media. Proc. {ACM} Hum. Comput. Interact, 5. https://dblp.org/rec/journals/pacmhci/MicallefAMP21.html

MILLAR, B. (2021). Misinformation and the limits of individual responsibility. Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective, 10(12), 8-21. https://philarchive.org/rec/MILMAT-22

Ministerstvo investícií, regionálneho rozvoja a informatizácie SR. (2024). Bezpečnejší digitálny svet: do účinnosti vstupuje akt o digitálnych službách. https://mirri.gov.sk/aktuality/digitalna-agenda/bezpecnejsi-digitalny-svet-do-ucinnosti-vstupuje-akt-o-digitalnych-sluzbach/

MITCHELL, G. (2024). Taylor Swift AI pictures Twitter controversy. Inside Inquiries. https://insightinquiries.com/taylor-swift-ai-pictures-twitter-2/

NOVAK, M. (2024). Pope Francis warns of AI dangers, citing fake image of him that went viral. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/mattnovak/2024/01/24/pope-francis-warns-of-ai-dangers-after-fake-image-of-himself-went-viral/?sh=6450b59f5aa0

O médiách. (2024). Objavilo sa deepfake video s tvárou a hlasom Pellegriniho a moderátora RTVS (VIDEO). https://www.omediach.com/internet/26046-objavilo-sa-deepfake-video-s-tvarou-a-hlasom-

OPENAI. (2023). ChatGPT-4. https://chat.openai.com/

PARK, S. (2023). Use of generative artificial intelligence, including large language models such as ChatGPT, in scientific publications: policies of KJR and prominent authorities. Korean Journal of Radiology, 24(8), 715-718. https://kjronline.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3348/kjr.2023.0643

PBS. (2023). Fake AI images of Putin, Trump being arrested spread online. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/fake-ai-images-of-putin-trump-being-arrested-spread-online

PEARSON, J. & ZINETS, N. (2022). Deepfake footage purports to show Ukrainian president capitulating. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/deepfake-footage-purports-show-ukrainian-president-capitulating-2022-03-16/

PEÑA-FERNÁNDEZ S., MESO-AYERDI, K., LARRONDO-URETA, A. & DÍAZ-NOCI, J. (2023). Without journalists, there is no journalism: the social dimension of generative artificial intelligence in the media. Profesional de la información, 32(2). https://revista.profesionaldelainformacion.com/index.php/EPI/article/view/87329/63392

PODELL, D., ENGLISH, Z., LACEY, K., BLATTMANN, A., DOCKHORN, T., MÜLLER, J., PENNA, J. & ROMBACH, R. (2023). SDXL: improving latent diffusion models for high-resolution image synthesis. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.01952

Polícia Slovenskej republiky. (2023). Varovanie: voľby do národnej rady sprevádza zneužívanie umelej inteligencie. Meta. https://www.facebook.com/policiaslovakia/posts/pfbid0G6mNQyP7e3AoQD17FPM8yDUnpNiFXX8hyrMqfyMDHYHaES5sQJXLRFyEWUqn1Wk6l

Pravda. (2024). Pellegrini varuje pred AI a deep fake videami. Tvrdí, že zásadne môžu ovplyvniť aj prezidentskú kampaň. https://spravy.pravda.sk/prezidentske-volby-2024/clanok/698225-pellegrini-varuje-pred-ai-a-deep-fake-videami-tvrdi-ze-zasadne-mozu-ovplyvnit-aj-prezidentsku-kampan/

PULLELLA, P. (2024). Pope Francis, victim of AI, warns against its 'perverse' dangers. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/pope-francis-victim-ai-warns-against-its-perverse-dangers-2024-01-24/

RABINDER, H. (2019). Role of artificial intelligence in new media. CSI Communications, 23-25.https://www.academia.edu/49150704/Role_of_Artificial_Intelligence_in_New_Media

Reddit (2023). Pope Francis bike week.https://www.reddit.com/r/midjourney/comments/134dybi/pope_francis_bike_week/

Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European parliament and of The Council. (2022). Official Journal of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32022R2065

REMOLINA, N. & SEAH, J. (2019). How to address the AI governance discussion? What can we learn from Singapore's AI strategy? SMU Centre for AI & Data Governance Research Paper No. 2019/03. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3444024

RICHARDSON, J. & MILOVIDOV, E. (2019). Digital citizenship education handbook. Council of Europe Publishing. https://rm.coe.int/digital-citizenship-education-handbook/168093586f

ROMAIN, S. (2023). Sentinel AI: the new frontier in deepfake detection. Romain Berg. https://www.romainberg.com/blog/artificial-intelligence/sentinel-ai-your-ultimate-deepfake-detection-solution/

RUSSELL, S. & NORVIG, P. (2010). Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. Prentice Hall. https://people.engr.tamu.edu/guni/csce421/files/AI_Russell_Norvig.pdf

SENTINEL (2024). Thesentinel. https://thesentinel.ai/

SHAN, S., WENGER, E., ZHANG, J., LI, H., ZHENG, H. & ZHAO, B. Y. [s. a.]. Image "cloaking" for personal privacy. SAND Lab. https://sandlab.cs.uchicago.edu/fawkes/

SHIMPO, F. (2020). The importance of ‘smooth’ data usage and the protection of privacy in the age of AI, IoT and autonomous robots. Global Privacy Law Review, 1(1), 49-54. https://kluwerlawonline.com/journalarticle/Global+Privacy+Law+Review/1.1/GPLR2020006

SHOAIB, M. R., WANG, Z., AHVANOOEY, M. T. & ZHAO, J. (2023). Deepfakes, misinformation, and disinformation in the era of frontier AI, generative AI, and large AI models. 2023 International Conference on Computer and Applications (ICCA), 1-7. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10401723

SIMON, F. M., ALTAY, S. & MERCIER, H. (2023). Misinformation reloaded? Fears about the impact of generative AI on misinformation are overblown. Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review, 4(5). https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/simon_generative_AI_fears_20231018.pdf

STANLEY-BECKER, I. & NIX, N. (2023). Fake images of Trump arrest show ‘giant step’ for AI’s disruptive power. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/03/22/trump-arrest-deepfakes/

STOKEL-WALKER, C. (2023). We spoke to the guy who created the viral AI image of The Pope that fooled the world. buzzfeednews. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/chrisstokelwalker/pope-puffy-jacket-ai-midjourney-image-creator-interview

STRICKLAND, E. (2023). Content credentials will fight deepfakes in the 2024 elections. IEEE Spectrum. https://spectrum.ieee.org/deepfakes-election

TASR. (2023). Europoslanci rokovali o pravidlách pre bezpečnú umelú inteligenciu. https://www.teraz.sk/priame-prenosy-a-videa-tasr-tv/europoslanci-rokovali-o-pravidlach-pre/722992-clanok.html

The associated press. (2023). AI-generated images of Trump being arrested circulate on social media. https://apnews.com/article/fact-check-trump-nypd-stormy-daniels-539393517762

TravelWise. (2024). Deepfake about the Eiffel tower fire went viral: what's wrong with it and why people believed it. https://www.travelwiseway.com/section-news/news-deepfake-about-the-eiffel-tower-fire-went-viral-whats-wrong-with-it-and-why-people-believed-it-28-01-2024.html

TREDINNICK, L. & LAYBATS, C. (2023). The dangers of generative artificial intelligence. Business Information Review, 40(2). https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02663821231183756

TRUMP, J. D. (2023). [Zmanipulovaný obrázok]. Truth Social. https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/110475191660845818

TURING, A. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, New Series, 59(236), 433-460. https://phil415.pbworks.com/f/TuringComputing.pdf

ULMER, A. & TONG, A. (2023). With apparently fake photos, DeSantis raises AI ante. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/is-trump-kissing-fauci-with-apparently-fake-photos-desantis-raises-ai-ante-2023-06-08/

VASWANI, A., SHAZEER, N., PARMAR, N., USZKOREIT, J., JONES, L., GOMEZ, A. N., KAISER, Ł. & POLOSUKHIN, I. (2017). Attention is all you need. Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1706.03762.pdf

WAKEFIELD, J. (2022). Deepfake presidents used in Russia-Ukraine war. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-60780142

WALKER, J., THUERMER, G., VICENS, J. & SIMPERL, E. (2023). AI art and misinformation: approaches and strategies for media literacy and fact checking. AIES '23: Proceedings of the 2023 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, 26-37. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3600211.3604715

WEAVER, A. (2024). [falošné video]. https://www.facebook.com/reel/696473435970931

2023. Donald Trump became a household name by FIRING countless people *on television*. https://twitter.com/DeSantisWarRoom/status/1665799058303188992?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1665799058303188992%7Ctwgr%5E8f403b7dc5f370ef80c618848409a300fa4f884d%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fus%2Fis-trump-kissing-fauci-with-apparently-fake-photos-desantis-raises-ai-ante-2023-06-08%2F

XIN, W., HUI, G., SHU, H., MING-CHING, C. & SIWEI, L. (2022). GAN-generated faces detection: a survey and new perspectives. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. 372, 2533-2542. https://ebooks.iospress.nl/doi/10.3233/FAIA230558

XU, D., FAN, S. & KANKANHALLI, M. (2023). Combating misinformation in the era of generative AI models. Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Multimedia, 9291–9298. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3581783.3612704

ZACH & WALKER, A. (2024). Eiffel tower on fire AI hoax. Know Your Meme. https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/eiffel-tower-on-fire-ai-hoax

Metriky

99

Views

68

PDF (Slovenčina) views